Logos Yohanes 1 dan Logos Filsafat Heraklitus–Stoa: Apropriasi Atau Transformasi Konseptual?

Abstract

This article examines the relationship between the concept of Logos in the Prologue of the Gospel of John (1:1–18) and the concept of Logos in the Greek philosophical tradition, particularly in the thought of Heraclitus and Stoic philosophy. The primary focus of this study is to investigate whether the Gospel of John merely adopts a Greek philosophical term or instead introduces a fundamental transformation in its meaning. Using a comparative-historical analysis and theological hermeneutics, this study finds that although there are terminological similarities between the Heraclitean Logos, the Stoic Logos, and the Logos in the Gospel of John, they differ significantly at the conceptual level. In Greek philosophical tradition, the Logos is understood as a cosmic rational principle or an impersonal force that orders the universe. In contrast, the Gospel of John presents the Logos as a divine person who becomes incarnate God present in human form. This concept reflects a radical theological transformation not found in earlier Greek philosophical traditions. The study concludes that while John employs terminology familiar within the Jewish-Hellenistic world, he simultaneously redefines it by giving it a new and profound ontological meaning. Thus, the Logos in the Gospel of John functions not only as a contextual theological medium of communication but also affirms the uniqueness of the doctrine of the Incarnation in Christianity without compromising its theological identity.